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The Architectures of APS Learning Algorithms Function Finding and the Creation of Numerical Constants   It is assumed that the creation of floating-point constants is necessary to do symbolic regression using evolutionary computing methods, perhaps because they seem to be essential for conventional mathematical modeling. For instance, the genetic programming technique solves the problem of constant creation by using a special terminal named ephemeral random constant. For each ephemeral random constant used in the trees of the initial population, a random number of a special data type in a specified range is generated. Then these random constants are moved around from tree to tree by the crossover operator. Gene expression programming (GEP) solves the problem of constants’ creation more efficiently. GEP uses an extra terminal “?” and an extra domain Dc composed of the symbols chosen to represent the random numerical constants (RNCs). For each gene, the random constants are generated during the inception of the initial population and kept in an array. The values of each random constant are only assigned during gene expression. Furthermore, a special mutation operator (RNC mutation) is used to introduce genetic variation in the available pool of random constants by mutating the random constants directly. In addition, the usual genetic operators of GEP plus a Dc specific mutation, a Dc specific inversion and a Dc specific transposition, guarantee the effective circulation of the random constants in the population. Consequently, with this scheme of constants’ manipulation, the appropriate diversity of random constants can be generated in the beginning of a run and maintained easily afterwards by the genetic operators. Notwithstanding, it seems that, for most problems, gene expression programming does symbolic regression more efficiently if the problem of constants' creation is handled by the algorithm itself. This and the fact that the GEP-RNC algorithm is considerably more complicated than the simpler GEP, are the reasons why the default learning algorithm of APS 3.0 is the simpler one. Home | Contents | Previous | Next